The WeakReference class, monitoring memory leak and garbage collection in a Java application

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 Below is a Stack implementation that uses an internal resizeable array structure.  public class MyStack< T > implements Stack< T > { private static final int CAPACITY = 100 ; private Object[] array ; private int pos = 0 ; public MyStack () { this . array = new Object[ CAPACITY ] ; } @Override public void push ( T item) { if ( pos >= array . length / 2 ) { Object[] newArray = new Object[ pos * 2 ] ; System. arraycopy ( array , 0 , newArray , 0 , array . length ) ; array = newArray ; } array [ pos ++] = item ; } @Override public T pop () { if (isEmpty()) { throw new RuntimeException( "empty stack" ) ; } @SuppressWarnings ( "unchecked" ) T item = ( T ) array [ pos - 1 ] ; pos -= 1 ; return item ; } @Override @SuppressWarnings ( "unchecked" ) public T peek...
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Kotlin Language Features Related to Null Handling

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Any software engineer with a Java background would find the null handling features in the Kotlin language interesting. Let's summarize this topic with some examples.

Nullable types:

In Kotlin, types are non-nullable by default. If you want a variable to be able to hold a null value, you need to explicitly declare its type as nullable using the Type? syntax. For example, String? denotes a nullable string, while String represents a non-nullable string.

Safe calls (?.):

Kotlin introduces the safe call operator (?.) for handling nullable types. It allows you to safely invoke a method or access a property on a nullable object. If the object is null, the expression returns null instead of throwing a NullPointerException.

Example:

data class Person(val name: String, val age: Int, val address: String?)

fun main() {
    // Create a person with a nullable address
    val person1 = Person("John Doe", 25, "123 Main Street")
    val person2 = Person("Jane Doe", 30, null)

    // Safe call to access the nullable address property
    val person1AddressLength = person1.address?.length
    val person2AddressLength = person2.address?.length

    // Print the results
    println("Person 1 address length: $person1AddressLength") // Output: Person 1 address length: 14
    println("Person 2 address length: $person2AddressLength") // Output: Person 2 address length: null
}


Elvis operator (?:):

The Elvis operator is used to provide a default value when a nullable expression is null. It is denoted by ?:. This can be useful for providing a default value or handling null cases gracefully.

Non-null assertion (!!):

The non-null assertion operator (!!) is used to assert that a nullable expression is non-null. However, if the expression is null, a NullPointerException will be thrown. It should be used cautiously, and it's generally better to rely on safe calls and proper null checks.

val length: Int = nullableString!!.length

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